Justice: The risks and benefits of research must be distributed fairly without creating differences in treatment among ethnic, racial, religious, sexual, or age defined classes. This principle leads to the requirement that the benefits to subjects or to humanity generally must be judged to outweigh the risks to subjects. Subjects must be protected from harm and their well being must be secured. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. The term “beneficence” is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. This principle leads to the requirement of informed voluntary consent.īeneficence: Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: (1) the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and (2) the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy. Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: (1) that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and (2) that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. Respect for Persons: Human subjects must be treated as autonomous and able to make responsible choices. Basic ethical principles cited in the Belmont Report:
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