DS and CBS data are unique in that they can provide a rich source of trends concerning changing short-term and working memory test scores across memory types, test platforms, age groups, gender, and countries. Mean memory test scores, standard deviation scores, types of memory tests, years of publication, mean ages, male percentages, types of publication, types of countries, platforms of memory tests, and sample sizes were collected and included in the datasets. Specifically, the datasets totally contain 1754 individual samples (n = 139,677) across a 43-year period from forward/backward digit span (F/BDS) and forward/backward Corsi-block span (CBS) tests. The current datasets include raw data from an investigation of the Flynn and/or anti-Flynn effects on verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory reported in ‘The Flynn effect for verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory: A cross-temporal meta-analysis’ (Wongupparaj, Wongupparaj, Kumari, Morris, 2017). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).Secular gain and drop in cognitive test performances over time have been observed and called respectively the Flynn and anti-Flynn effects. We conclude by proposing some directions for future research designed to bridge this and other theoretical gaps in the literature. In the spatial domain, there is some evidence for a primacy gradient and position marking, whereas in the visual domain there is no direct evidence for either of the principles of serial order. By contrast, the principles underlying the representation of serial order in the visual and spatial CQ systems are unclear, largely because the relevant studies have yet to be performed. Evidence further indicates that output interference operates during recall and that item similarity effects manifest during both serial order encoding and retrieval. Within the verbal short-term memory CQ system, evidence suggests that serial order is represented via a primacy gradient, position marking, response suppression, and cumulative matching. We propose that functional similarities across domains buttress the notion that verbal, visual, and spatial sequences are planned and controlled by a competitive queuing (CQ) mechanism in which items are simultaneously active in parallel and the strongest item is chosen for output. Here we review phenomena of serial order documented across the verbal, visual, and spatial short-term memory domains and interpret them with reference to the principles of serial order and ancillary assumptions instantiated in contemporary computational theories of memory for serial order. In conclusion, overall, adverse markers of LA structure and function were associated with 2-year detrimental executive function-related cognitive changes in a sample of participants at high risk for cardiovascular disease, highlighting LA substrate as a potential risk factor for cognitive decrease and dementia.įrom vocabulary learning to imitating sequences of motor actions, the ability to plan, represent, and recall a novel sequence of items in the correct order is fundamental for many verbal and nonverbal higher level cognitive activities. Strain measurements were also associated with a 2-year change in the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Larger LA volume index (standardized β −0.13 ), lower peak longitudinal strain (−0.11 ), and higher stiffness index (−0.18 ) were associated with 2-year worsening in Trail-Making Test A. LA structure and function were not associated with cognitive function at baseline. Multiple linear regression was used to test associations of atrial markers (modeled in SD units) with baseline and 2-year changes in cognitive scores adjusted for demographic and health covariates. General cognitive functioning (Mini-mental state examination), verbal ability (verbal fluency test), memory and attention (Digit Span Tests), and processing speed and executive function (Trail-Making Tests A and B) were assessed at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Left atrial (LA) markers (volume index, emptying fraction, strain, function index, and stiffness index) were estimated based on transthoracic echocardiography. We tested associations of echocardiographic markers of atrial structure and function with cognitive function and decrease in 510 participants with obesity and metabolic syndrome (mean age SD of 64.4 years in men and 66.5 years in women). Whether subclinical abnormalities in atrial function and substrate predisposing to atrial fibrillation impact cognitive function has received limited attention. Atrial fibrillation has been associated with cognitive impairment.
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